;;; Upper CYC(R) Ontology flat-file ;;; Copyright Cycorp 1997. All rights reserved. ;;;Cycorp License Agreement ;;;Cycorp is providing this material from the Cyc(tm) Upper ;;;Ontology at no charge, for everyone to use, including ;;;commercial service use and incorporation into products. ;;;However, it is not 'Public Domain.' Please acknowledge ;;;Cycorp, 3721 Executive Center Dr., Austin, TX 78731 in ;;;any use or citation of this material, and request that each ;;;further user include a full copy of this notice as well, ;;;in any use or citation they make of the material. All ;;;these terms equally apply to renamings and other ;;;logically equivalent reformulations of the material in ;;;any natural or formal language. Cycorp intends to ;;;amend and expand the material from time to time; the ;;;latest version is available at http://www.cyc.com ;;; #$Nose (#$isa #$Nose #$UniqueAnatomicalPartType) (#$isa #$Nose #$AnimalBodyPartType) (#$genls #$Nose #$Sensor) (#$genls #$Nose #$Organ) (#$comment #$Nose "Facial organ used in smelling and breathing") ;;; #$NoteAboutGivingGenericValueFunctionsNumericValues (#$isa #$NoteAboutGivingGenericValueFunctionsNumericValues #$SharedNote) (#$comment #$NoteAboutGivingGenericValueFunctionsNumericValues "In some contexts, users may wish to ground elements of #$GenericValueFunction by linking them to numeric `real world' measurements. E.g. In a driving-on-the-highway-context, one might wish to define (#$MediumAmountFn #$Speed) as `between 50 and 60 miles per hour'. The way to assert this is as follows: (#$and (#$minQuantValue (#$MediumAmountFn #$Speed) (#$MilesPerHour 50))(#$maxQuantValue (#$MediumAmountFn #$Speed)(#$MilesPerHour 60))).") ;;; #$NoteAboutPredicateCategories (#$isa #$NoteAboutPredicateCategories #$SharedNote) (#$comment #$NoteAboutPredicateCategories "Predicates in Cyc are organized into collections. While some, like #$BinaryPredicate, are logically well-founded and are referenced in axioms and in the code which implements Cyc, others, though based on some intuitively plausible criteria, are involved in few (if any) axioms and are therefore not integral to Cyc's ontology. Collections which fall into the latter class are generally under review at this time and are flagged with this #$sharedNotes.") ;;; #$NoteAboutScalarIntervalMaxAndMin (#$isa #$NoteAboutScalarIntervalMaxAndMin #$SharedNote) (#$comment #$NoteAboutScalarIntervalMaxAndMin "If there are two arguments to a #$UnitOfMeasure function, as in (#$Meter 5 6), the first number is interpreted as the (inclusive) minimum, and the second number as the (inclusive) maximum. Thus, (#$Meter 5 6) means `between 5 and 6 meters long, inclusive'. If only one argument follows an element of #$UnitOfMeasure, as in (#$Meter 3), it is interpreted as a shorthand for (#$Meter 3 3). In other words, (#$Meter 3 3) means `exactly 3 meters'. When a function belonging to #$UnitOfMeasure is applied to a single argument, the value it returns must be an element of #$ScalarPointValue.") ;;; #$NoteAboutStatingExceptionsInCycL (#$isa #$NoteAboutStatingExceptionsInCycL #$SharedNote) (#$comment #$NoteAboutStatingExceptionsInCycL "The formula (#$exceptWhen P(?x0 ... ?xn) Q(?x0 ... ?xn))) states that, in situations where assertion Q would apply to a set of bindings for variables ?x0 ... ?xn, the conclusion is allowed `except when' P(?x0 ... ?xn) is true for these variable bindings. The formula (#$exceptFor [term] Q(?x0)) states that, in situations where assertion Q would apply to a variable ?x0, the conclusion is allowed `except for' the situations where [term] is the binding for ?x0. To be well-formed, Q must be a rule with exactly one free variable. By definition, #$exceptFor is merely syntactic sugar: (#$exceptFor [term] Q(?x0)) if-and-only-if (#$exceptWhen (equals ?x0 [term]) Q(?x0)) Since an #$exceptWhen statement is a meta-statement about some rule Q(?x0 ... ?xn), the statement is not well-formed if Q(?x0 ... ?xn) is not already an assertion in the KB. Also, strictly speaking, P and Q in the #$exceptWhen merely must share some variables rather than all variables as it's been written above. These constructs replace `abnormal' at the EL (epistemological level). Old assertions of the form: (#$implies P(?x0 ... ?xn) (abnormal R(?x0 ... ?xn) Q(?x0 ... ?xn))) become: (#$exceptWhen P(?x0 ... ?xn) Q(?x0 ... ?xn)) The predicate `abnormal' has not actually gone away, but was modified for use as the HL (Heuristic Level) implementation of #$exceptWhen. Like #$termOfUnit, `abnormal' should be viewed as an inference-maintained predicate, and human beings should not be manually asserting things using `abnormal.' ;;; ;; EXAMPLES ;;; Rule1: `birds fly' (#$implies (#$isa ?BIRD #$Bird) (#$behaviorCapable ?BIRD #$Flying-FlappingWings #$performedBy)) Exception1: `for penguins, the ``birds fly'' rule does not apply' (#$exceptWhen (#$isa ?BIRD #$Penguin) [Rule1]) Exception2: `the ``birds fly'' rule does not apply to Tweety' (#$exceptFor Tweety [Rule1]) Exception3: `for an animal with an injured wing, the ``birds fly'' rule does not apply' (#$exceptWhen (#and (#$anatomicalParts ?BIRD ?WING) (#$isa ?WING #$Wing-AnimalBodyPart) (#$hasPhysiologicalAttributes ?WING #$Injured)) [Rule1]) Rule2: ``dogs who like the same cat like each other'' (#$implies (?and (#$isa ?DOG1 #$Dog) (#$isa ?DOG2 #$Dog) (#$isa ?CAT #$Cat) (#$likesAsFriend ?DOG1 ?CAT) (#$likesAsFriend ?DOG2 ?CAT)) (#$likesAsFriend ?DOG1 ?DOG2)) Exception3: `Rex does not like other dogs according to ``Rule2''' (#$exceptWhen (#$equals ?DOG1 Rex) [Rule2]) Exception4: `Fifi is not liked by other dogs according to `Rule2''' (#$exceptWhen (#$equals ?DOG2 Fifi) [Rule2]) Exception5: `Morris is not such a cat according to ``Rule2''' (#$exceptWhen (#$equals ?CAT Morris) [Rule2])") ;;; #$NoteForUnitOfMeasureWithPrefixAndNoPrefix (#$isa #$NoteForUnitOfMeasureWithPrefixAndNoPrefix #$SharedNote) (#$comment #$NoteForUnitOfMeasureWithPrefixAndNoPrefix "Elements of #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix denote units of measure that don't have a multiplicative prefix (e.g. `kilo', `micro', `billion'). #$Inch and #$MetersPerSecond are such elements. On the other hand, elements of #$UnitOfMeasureWithPrefix do have multiplicative prefixes; examples include #$CentimetersPerSecond, (#$Micro #$Gram), #$KiloWatt, and #$GramsPerMilliliter. We need these constants in order to prevent references to terms such as ((#$Micro (#$Micro #$Gram)) 5) or ((#$Kilo (#$CentimetersPerSecond)) 3.2). If we didn't have these restrictions, equal quantities would allow for an undesirable level of possible names for a quantity, e.g. ((#$Micro (#$Kilo #$Gram)) 1) would refer to the same quantity as ((#$Kilo (#$Micro #$Gram)) 1) would refer to the same quantity as (#$Gram .001), etc.") ;;; #$November (#$isa #$November #$MonthOfYearType) (#$genls #$November #$CalendarMonth) ;;; #$Now (#$isa #$Now #$IndexicalConcept) (#$isa #$Now #$TimePoint) (#$comment #$Now "#$Now is a special #$TimePoint which denotes the `current' moment. The exact interpretation will vary from one context to another. In a problem solving context it often means `the time at which the inference is occuring'.") ;;; #$Nth (#$isa #$Nth #$ReifiableFunction) (#$resultIsa #$Nth #$Thing) (#$arg1Isa #$Nth #$Series) (#$arg2Isa #$Nth #$PositiveInteger) (#$comment #$Nth "(#$Nth SER N) denotes the Nth member of the series SER, provided that N is an integer greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to the #$seriesLength of SER.") ;;; #$NuclearPoweredDevice (#$isa #$NuclearPoweredDevice #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$NuclearPoweredDevice #$PoweredDevice) (#$comment #$NuclearPoweredDevice "A collection of physical devices; a subset of #$PoweredDevice. An instance of #$NuclearPoweredDevice is a device which uses nuclear fission or nuclear fusion reactions as a source of power. Examples include elements of #$NuclearSubmarine and #$NuclearWeapon.") ;;; #$Nucleon (#$isa #$Nucleon #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Nucleon #$SubAtomicParticle) (#$comment #$Nucleon "A collection of objects; a subset of #$SubAtomicParticle. Each instance of #$Nucleon is a subatomic particle normally found in some atomic nucleus. #$Nucleon has two subsets, #$Proton and #$Neutron. Every instance of #$AtomicNucleus is composed of some number of #$Nucleons.") ;;; #$NucleusFn (#$isa #$NucleusFn #$CollectionDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$NucleusFn #$ExistingObjectType) (#$resultGenl #$NucleusFn #$AtomicNucleus) (#$arg1Isa #$NucleusFn #$ElementStuffTypeByNumberOfProtons) (#$arg1Genl #$NucleusFn #$ElementStuff) (#$comment #$NucleusFn "#$NucleusFn is a Cyc function, specifically a #$CollectionDenotingFunction. #$NucleusFn takes an instance of #$ElementStuffTypeByNumberOfProtons (q.v.) as its single argument and returns a collection of all the atomic nucleii belonging to element-stuff of that type. Thus, (#$NucleusFn E) denotes a subset of #$AtomicNucleus whose elements all have the same number of protons. For example, (#$NucleusFn #$Carbon) is the collection of #$Carbon nuclei, each of which has six protons.") ;;; #$Number-General (#$isa #$Number-General #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$Number-General #$MathematicalObject) (#$comment #$Number-General "A collection of mathematical objects. This is the most general class of numbers, including #$RealNumbers, #$ComplexNumbers, various values of infinity such as Aleph Null, and whatever else might count as a number in mathematics.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$Number-General #$SENSUS-Information1997 "NUMBER") ;;; #$NumericComparison (#$isa #$NumericComparison #$RelationType) (#$genls #$NumericComparison #$BinaryPredicate) (#$comment #$NumericComparison "A collection comprising the predicates used to compare elements of #$ScalarInterval. Examples: #$greaterThanOrEqualTo, #$greaterThan, #$numericallyEqual. Note that `less than' and `less than or equal to' are simply inverses of #$greaterThan and #$greaterThanOrEqualTo. E.g., in Cyc `A is less than B' is written as (#$greaterThan B A).") (#$overlappingExternalConcept #$NumericComparison #$SENSUS-Information1997 "SCALED-COMPARISON") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$NumericComparison #$SENSUS-Information1997 "NUMBER-FOCUSING") ;;; #$Nurse (#$isa #$Nurse #$MedicalSpecialtyType) (#$genls #$Nurse #$MedicalCareProfessional) (#$comment #$Nurse "The class of health professionals who provide various aspects of hands-on health care to patients. Nurses do not usually diagnose or decide on treatments, but they administer medicines and treatments, perform medical tests, give regular care to hospitalized patients, etc.") ;;; #$Nutrient (#$isa #$Nutrient #$TangibleStuffCompositionType) (#$genls #$Nutrient #$EdibleStuff) (#$comment #$Nutrient "A collection of tangible stuff. Each element of #$Nutrient is a substances considered necessary or beneficial in the diet of a person or animal. Nutrients in food or pills are often listed on the package label. Some types of #$Nutrient include its subsets #$EdibleSodium, #$Protein, #$EdibleCalcium, #$EdibleIron, #$Vitamin.") ;;; #$ObjectType (#$isa #$ObjectType #$Collection) (#$genls #$ObjectType #$Collection) (#$comment #$ObjectType "A collection of collections. Elements of #$ObjectType more or less correspond to count nouns in the following way: If COL is an element of #$ObjectType, and ITEM is any element of COL, then if you divide ITEM into two pieces, you do NOT generally end up with two elements of COL. Another way of thinking of this is: If you take several elements of COL, and put them together, the result is generally not another element of COL. Sample instances of #$ObjectType are #$Automobile (the set of all cars); #$LeapYear (the set of all leap years). See the comment for #$StuffType to find out more about the distinctions between, and the need for, these four collections: #$StuffType, #$ObjectType, #$ExistingStuffType, and #$ExistingObjectType.") ;;; #$ObtainingPermission (#$isa #$ObtainingPermission #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$ObtainingPermission #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$ObtainingPermission #$Transaction) (#$comment #$ObtainingPermission "The collection of events in which one #$Agent gets permission from another #$Agent to do something.") ;;; #$OccupationType (#$isa #$OccupationType #$SiblingDisjointCollection) (#$genls #$OccupationType #$PersonByActivityType) (#$genls #$OccupationType #$PositionType) (#$comment #$OccupationType "A collection of collections. Each element of #$OccupationType is a collection of workers, based on their kinds of work; each of those workers is an element of (#$isa) #$Professional. Elements of #$OccupationType represent all kinds of jobs, not just the kinds of occupations colloquially considered `professional'. Elements of #$OccupationType include the collections #$ComputerProgrammerProfessional, #$FoodServiceEmployee, #$MedicalCareProfessional, #$BaseballUmpire, #$SalesRepresentative, #$Brewer, #$Gymnast, and many others. Also see #$Professional, #$PositionType.") ;;; #$Ocean (#$isa #$Ocean #$SpatiallyDisjointRegionType) (#$genls #$Ocean #$Sea) (#$comment #$Ocean "A collection of topographical features. Each instance of #$Ocean is one of the oceans of the world. This includes #$TheOceanSea, the interconnected expanse of salt water covering 71% of the Earth's surface, and of which the other oceans are subregions. Examples: #$AtlanticOcean, #$ArcticOcean, #$IndianOcean, #$PacificOcean.") ;;; #$OceanLiner (#$isa #$OceanLiner #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$OceanLiner #$TransportationDevice-Vehicle) (#$genls #$OceanLiner #$Ship) (#$comment #$OceanLiner "The subcollection of Ship that contains all ocean liners, i.e., ships that by design can transport a large number of people across oceans.") ;;; #$October (#$isa #$October #$MonthOfYearType) (#$genls #$October #$CalendarMonth) ;;; #$Offer (#$isa #$Offer #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$Offer #$IllocutionaryForce) (#$comment #$Offer "A collection of illocutionary forces. Each instance of #$Offer consists of a piece of information contained (perhaps implicitly) in a communication, and which expresses the speaker's intention of volunteering to perform the action described in that utterance and/or to bring about the situation described therein, on the condition that the listener accept the offer. An offer may be made with additional conditions as well. When an offer is accepted (and all conditions are true), the speaker of the offer incurs an obligation. `Speaker' and `listener' are broadly interpreted to mean, respectively, any #$senderOfInfo and #$recipientOfInfo. See also #$IllocutionaryForce, #$Offering-CommunicationAct.") ;;; #$Offering-CommunicationAct (#$isa #$Offering-CommunicationAct #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$Offering-CommunicationAct #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$Offering-CommunicationAct #$CommunicationAct-Single) (#$comment #$Offering-CommunicationAct "A collection of actions, many of which are speech acts. In each element of this collection, somebody offers to do something, furnish something, make something the case, etc. See also the #$IllocutionaryForce associated with these actions, #$Offer.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$Offering-CommunicationAct #$SENSUS-Information1997 "OFFER") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$Offering-CommunicationAct #$SENSUS-Information1997 "COMMISSIVE-ACT") ;;; #$OfficialDocument (#$isa #$OfficialDocument #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$OfficialDocument #$HardcopyInformationBearingObject) (#$comment #$OfficialDocument "A collection of information bearing objects (IBOs). Each element of #$OfficialDocument is a document that can be used as the basis, proof, or support of some fact (such as a person's nationality, marital status, credit, or qualifications; or the ownership or transfer of property; etc.). Official documents are typically generated, issued, and certified by the relevant institutions (as with passports or stock certificates), but they also include unique personal documents (such as holographic wills) which meet certain standards to be accepted in support of facts. Examples of #$OfficialDocument: birth certificates, tax returns, passports, insurance policies, postage stamps, receipts, packing slips, student ID cards, etc.") ;;; #$Ohm (#$isa #$Ohm #$MKSUnitOfMeasure) (#$isa #$Ohm #$StandardUnitOfMeasure) (#$resultIsa #$Ohm #$ScalarInterval) (#$argsIsa #$Ohm #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$Ohm "The standard unit of electrical resistance. The resistance of a circuit in which a 1-#$Volt #$ElectricalPotentialDifference produces a 1-#$Coulomb #$ElectricalCurrent.") ;;; #$Oil (#$isa #$Oil #$TangibleStuffCompositionType) (#$genls #$Oil #$OrganicStuff) (#$comment #$Oil "A collection of tangible things. Each element of #$Oil is a piece of some type of typically viscous, primarily hydrophobic liquid hydrocarbon. For example, portions of #$HeatingOil, #$MotorOil, #$PeanutOil, #$OliveOil, etc.") ;;; #$Omnivore (#$isa #$Omnivore #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Omnivore #$Organism-Whole) (#$comment #$Omnivore "The collection of organisms that feed on both plants and animals, and possibly other things. Subsets of #$Omnivore include, for example, #$Person, #$Pig, and #$Bear.") ;;; #$OneStoryBuilding (#$isa #$OneStoryBuilding #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$OneStoryBuilding #$Building) (#$comment #$OneStoryBuilding "Collection of all one story buildings.") ;;; #$Opaque (#$isa #$Opaque #$Transparency) (#$comment #$Opaque "#$Opaque is a #$PhysicalAttribute representing a specific degree of #$Transparency. #$Opaque objects do not transmit light. See also #$transparencyOfObject.") ;;; #$OrderOfMagnitudeInterval (#$isa #$OrderOfMagnitudeInterval #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$OrderOfMagnitudeInterval #$ScalarInterval) (#$comment #$OrderOfMagnitudeInterval "#$OrderOfMagnitudeInterval, a subset of #$ScalarInterval, is the collection of intervals which represent significant differences in quantity, for the various types of measurable properties. The most familiar case is for numbers, in which orders of magnitudes typically correspond with powers of 10; thus, in any given numerical quantity, the 100's dominate the 10's or the units, which are negligible with respect to the hundreds. In Cyc, we can identify the significant intervals for any measurable property. For example, for #$Time, some intervals which represent orders of magnitude are: #$AFewSecondsDuration, #$AFewMinutesDuration, #$AFewHoursDuration, #$AFewDaysDuration, #$AFewWeeksDuration, etc. Similar scales could be identified for any measurable property. Moreover, orders of magnitude for the same measurable property may differ between microtheories; e.g., the orders of magnitude for #$Time in a `GeologicalTimeMt' would be much larger than those listed above, which are relevant for human perceptions and activities. Any two attributes which represent amounts of the same kind of property (e.g., time, distance) and which are also elements of #$OrderOfMagnitudeInterval will be assumed to differ so substantially in size that the smaller one (and values associated with it) will be insignificant compared to the larger interval (and values associated with it). That is, in general and as a default, if ORD1 and ORD2 are two different elements of #$OrderOfMagnitudeInterval which are also elements of the same type of #$AttributeValue (e.g., #$Speed, #$Mass, #$Density), then one is negligible with respect to the other. To know which dominates the other, we need additional knowledge about their relative size, e.g., that ORD2 is a #$followingValue of (i.e., 'bigger' than) ORD1. See also #$negligibleWRT, #$followingValue. The predicate #$orderOfMagnitude (q.v.) is used to relate particular quantities to the appropriate element of #$OrderOfMagnitudeInterval. For example, two days -- in Cyc, (#$DaysDuration 2) -- has the #$orderOfMagnitude #$AFewDaysDuration.") ;;; #$Ordering-CommunicationAct (#$isa #$Ordering-CommunicationAct #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$Ordering-CommunicationAct #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$Ordering-CommunicationAct #$HumanActivity) (#$genls #$Ordering-CommunicationAct #$Requesting-CommunicationAct) (#$comment #$Ordering-CommunicationAct "A collection of actions, many of which are speech acts. In each element of this collection, somebody orders somebody to do something. See also the #$IllocutionaryForce associated with this action, #$Command.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$Ordering-CommunicationAct #$SENSUS-Information1997 "COMMAND") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$Ordering-CommunicationAct #$SENSUS-Information1997 "DIRECTIVE-ACT") ;;; #$Organ (#$isa #$Organ #$AnimalBodyPartType) (#$genls #$Organ #$SolidTangibleThing) (#$genls #$Organ #$AnimalBodyPart) (#$comment #$Organ "The collection of all the #$Organs of #$Animals; i.e., the #$AnimalBodyParts that have specialized physiological functions and which are more or less localized in the animal. For example: a heart, a kidney, etc. A borderline case of this is a person's (whole) skin; in some contexts, it is treated as a sense organ, and in some contexts it is excluded because it is distributed over their entire body.") ;;; #$OrganicStuff (#$isa #$OrganicStuff #$TangibleStuffCompositionType) (#$genls #$OrganicStuff #$TangibleThing) (#$comment #$OrganicStuff "A collection of tangible things. Each element of #$OrganicStuff is a tangible thing composed of one or more types of organic #$Molecule. Instances of #$OrganicStuff usually have their origin in the bodies (or other products) of living things. Since some organic substances can be synthesized, #$OrganicStuff is not a subset of #$NaturalTangibleStuff. Chemically, instances of #$OrganicStuff have fairly (or very) complex carbon-based structures. Examples include the elements of the collections #$Oil, #$DNA, #$Alcohol-Compound, #$Ivory, #$AnimalBodyPart.") ;;; #$Organism-Whole (#$isa #$Organism-Whole #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Organism-Whole #$BiologicalLivingObject) (#$comment #$Organism-Whole "The collection of all elements of #$BiologicalLivingObject which are wholes, not parts of other biological living objects (BLOs). Most members of #$Organism-Whole are capable of existing and reproducing while physically separate from other organisms (with allowances for sexual reproduction). Abnormal BLOs which are nonetheless considered to belong to #$Organism-Whole include elements of #$Virus, as well as sterile hybrids and colony organisms like those in slime molds or the elements of #$PortugueseManOfWar. All of those organisms operate by DNA- and RNA-controlled mechanisms.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$Organism-Whole #$SENSUS-Information1997 "ANIMATE-OBJECT") ;;; #$OrganismClassificationType (#$isa #$OrganismClassificationType #$SiblingDisjointCollection) (#$genls #$OrganismClassificationType #$ConventionalClassificationType) (#$genls #$OrganismClassificationType #$ExistingObjectType) (#$comment #$OrganismClassificationType "A collection of collections; #$OrganismClassificationType is the collection of all biological types used to classify animals, plants, or other elements of #$Organism-Whole. The scientific types in #$OrganismClassificationType may or may not correspond to naive categories of organisms, and, in addition, although they are scientific, they might not be officially accepted biological taxons at the standard taxonomic levels. (#$Invertebrate is an example.) Compare #$BiologicalTaxonType. Note that #$OrganismClassificationType is an element of #$SiblingDisjointCollection; hence, any two instances of #$OrganismClassificationType can be assumed to be disjoint, unless we know that one is a subset of the other (also see #$SiblingDisjointCollection).") ;;; #$OrganismPart (#$isa #$OrganismPart #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$OrganismPart #$BiologicalLivingObject) (#$comment #$OrganismPart "The collection of all the anatomical parts of all living organisms. It includes gross anatomical parts and microscopic anatomical parts of every individual of every species.") ;;; #$OrganismTypeByHabitat (#$isa #$OrganismTypeByHabitat #$SiblingDisjointCollection) (#$genls #$OrganismTypeByHabitat #$ExistingObjectType) (#$comment #$OrganismTypeByHabitat "A collection of collections. Each element of #$OrganismTypeByHabitat is a collection of organisms characterized by the sort of habitat in which they live. For example, #$AquaticOrganism or #$TerrestrialOrganism.") ;;; #$Organization (#$isa #$Organization #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Organization (#$GroupFn #$IntelligentAgent)) (#$genls #$Organization #$SocialBeing) (#$comment #$Organization "The collection of all organizations. Each element of the collection #$Organization is a group whose #$groupMembers are instances of #$IntelligentAgent, and which is established such that certain known relationships and obligations exist between the members, and/or between the organization and its members, and/or between the organization and `outsiders' (individuals or groups). #$Organization includes both informal and legally constituted organizations. Organizations can act as agents --- specifically, group agents, not individuals (cf. #$IndividualAgent) --- to undertake projects, enter into agreements, own property, etc. Most organizations have names. Almost all have at least two members. Examples: #$Cycorp, #$NASA, #$FreeSoftwareFoundation, #$UnitedStatesArmy, #$KMartCompany. Note the specialization #$OrganizationOfPeople, whose instances have only human members, e.g., an instance of #$Family-Human such as Joseph Kennedy's family. Other kinds of #$Organization have organizations as their #$groupMembers, e.g., the #$OrganizationOfAmericanStates.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$Organization #$SENSUS-Information1997 "ORGANIZATION") ;;; #$OrganizationPolicy (#$isa #$OrganizationPolicy #$ExistingObjectType) (#$isa #$OrganizationPolicy #$MicrotheoryType) (#$genls #$OrganizationPolicy #$Agreement) (#$comment #$OrganizationPolicy "A collection of microtheories; a subset of #$Agreement. Each element of #$OrganizationPolicy is a microtheory which contains the terms of some policy of a particular organization. For example, U.S. Federal government hiring policies; a policy governing a corporation's charitable or political donations; or a school dress code.") ;;; #$OrganizationWithBusinessCustomers (#$isa #$OrganizationWithBusinessCustomers #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$OrganizationWithBusinessCustomers #$CommercialOrganization) (#$comment #$OrganizationWithBusinessCustomers "A collection of organizations; a subset of #$CommercialOrganization. An element of #$OrganizationWithBusinessCustomers is a commercial organization most of whose #$customers are other #$Organizations rather than individual #$Persons.") ;;; #$OrganizationWithIndividualCustomers (#$isa #$OrganizationWithIndividualCustomers #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$OrganizationWithIndividualCustomers #$CommercialOrganization) (#$comment #$OrganizationWithIndividualCustomers "A collection of organizations; a subset of #$CommercialOrganization. An element of #$OrganizationWithIndividualCustomers is a commercial organization most of whose #$customers are individual #$Persons rather than other #$Organizations.") ;;; #$OrganizationalChart (#$isa #$OrganizationalChart #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$OrganizationalChart #$InformationBearingObject) (#$genls #$OrganizationalChart #$StructuredInformationSource) (#$comment #$OrganizationalChart "A collection of information bearing objects (IBOs); a subset of #$StructuredInformationSource. Each element of #$OrganizationalChart is an IBO that graphically or in outline fashion depicts information about the control structure or resource use structure of an organization. E.g., a diagram of Exxon Corporation's top managers showing their reporting structure.") ;;; #$OrganizationalTransfer (#$isa #$OrganizationalTransfer #$ScriptType) (#$isa #$OrganizationalTransfer #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$OrganizationalTransfer #$PurposefulAction) (#$genls #$OrganizationalTransfer #$SocialOccurrence) (#$genls #$OrganizationalTransfer #$GeneralizedTransfer) (#$comment #$OrganizationalTransfer "A collection of events. An #$OrganizationalTransfer occurs when some #$IntelligentAgent changes affiliation with some #$Organization. This can involve becoming a member of the organization, ceasing to be a member of it, or switching from one organization to another. An #$OrganizationalTransfer may be voluntarily undertaken by the transferee but may also be #$performedBy some other agent. Examples include: joining a club, being transferred from one division of a company to another, and being excommunicated. Negative examples include: transfer of objects or information between organizations (since these aren't #$IntelligentAgents), and changes of #$Nationality (since neither #$Nationality nor #$Country is currently a kind of #$Organization).") ;;; #$OrganizationalTransferIn (#$isa #$OrganizationalTransferIn #$ScriptType) (#$isa #$OrganizationalTransferIn #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$OrganizationalTransferIn #$TransferIn) (#$genls #$OrganizationalTransferIn #$OrganizationalTransfer) (#$comment #$OrganizationalTransferIn "A subcollection of #$OrganizationalTransfer such that elements necessarily have some thing which becomes the member of the 'to organization'. Exemplars include hiring someone to a company, pledging a fraternal organization, admitting a nation to NATO. The event of leaving one organization to join another is also an element of #$OrganizationalTransferIn as well as #$OrganizationalTransferOut. Negative exemplars include layoffs, expulsions, and excommunications which do not involve 'from organizations'.") ;;; #$OrganizationalTransferOut (#$isa #$OrganizationalTransferOut #$ScriptType) (#$isa #$OrganizationalTransferOut #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$OrganizationalTransferOut #$TransferOut) (#$genls #$OrganizationalTransferOut #$OrganizationalTransfer) (#$comment #$OrganizationalTransferOut "A subcollection of #$OrganizationalTransfer such that elements necessarily have some thing which stops being the member of the 'from organization'. Exemplars include laying someone off, expulsions, and excommunications. The event of leaving one organization to join another is also an element of #$OrganizationalTransferIn as well as #$OrganizationalTransferOut. Negative exemplars include 'admitting a nation to NATO', 'hiring someone', and 'pledging a fraternal organization'.") ;;; #$OrientationAttribute (#$isa #$OrientationAttribute #$AttributeType) (#$genls #$OrientationAttribute #$AttributeValue) (#$comment #$OrientationAttribute "The collection of attributes which characterize an object's orientation relative to whatever instance of #$FrameOfReference is being used in the current context. In most contexts, orientation is taken with respect to the #$TerrestrialFrameOfReference.") ;;; #$Ounce (#$isa #$Ounce #$FPSUnitOfMeasure) (#$isa #$Ounce #$UnitOfMass) (#$isa #$Ounce #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix) (#$resultIsa #$Ounce #$Mass) (#$resultIsa #$Ounce #$ScalarInterval) (#$argsIsa #$Ounce #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$Ounce "The measurement function used in Cyc to represent the ounce used for measuring weight within the British (FPS) system. See also #$FPSUnitOfMeasure, #$UnitOfMeasure.") ;;; #$OutdoorLocation (#$isa #$OutdoorLocation #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$OutdoorLocation #$EcologicalRegion) (#$comment #$OutdoorLocation "A collection of geographical regions. Each element of #$OutdoorLocation is a region of outdoor space, i.e., a region which is directly subject to atmospheric weather. Objects found in an outdoor location are #$in-ImmersedFully in the atmosphere of Earth. Thus, as defined here, #$OutdoorLocation does NOT include elements of #$UnderwaterLocation or places that are #$Underground. OutdoorLocations include large geographical regions. Among the elements of #$OutdoorLocation are instances of the subsets #$Lawn, #$Meadow, #$SkiSlope, #$Beach, #$Swamp (and many others). Note: #$OutdoorLocation is a collection of places, rather than an attribute; to represent the concept of being outside, see #$Outdoors-ExposedToWeather. Of course, elements of #$OutdoorLocation have the #$locationState attribute of being #$Outdoors-ExposedToWeather.") ;;; #$OuterGarment (#$isa #$OuterGarment #$ProductType) (#$isa #$OuterGarment #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$OuterGarment #$ClothingItem) (#$comment #$OuterGarment "A collection of objects; a subset of #$ClothingItem. Each element of #$OuterGarment is a piece of clothing that is worn outside of other garments. A common purpose of outer garments is protection (e.g., the subsets #$RainCoat, #$Apron). An outer garment may also be a robe of office or position, such as an academic gown or a bishop's mantle.") ;;; #$Ovum (#$isa #$Ovum #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Ovum #$EukaryoticCell) (#$comment #$Ovum "A subset of #$Cell. #$Ovum is the collection of specialized gamete cells produced by meiosis in the reproductive tract of female animals. Each ovum usually has half the number of chromosomes that regular body cells do, and when fertilized by a spermatozoon, it becomes a zygote and continues to develop into a mature individual. Also called 'egg'. See also #$FemaleAnimal, #$SexualReproductionEvent.") ;;; #$OxidationProcess (#$isa #$OxidationProcess #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$OxidationProcess #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$OxidationProcess #$Emission) (#$genls #$OxidationProcess #$ChemicalReaction) (#$genls #$OxidationProcess #$TransformationProcess) (#$comment #$OxidationProcess "A collection of events. In each instance of this collection, some amount of #$Oxygen reacts with (`reduces') another substance and releases energy in the process.") ;;; #$Oxide (#$isa #$Oxide #$TangibleStuffCompositionType) (#$genls #$Oxide #$InanimateThing) (#$genls #$Oxide #$TangibleThing) (#$comment #$Oxide "A collection of tangible things. Each element of #$Oxide is a portion of stuff in which each molecule consists of a combination of oxygen atoms with one or more atoms of another element. For example, instances of #$Water (H2O), pieces of rust (#$IronOxide), portions of #$CarbonDioxide.") ;;; #$PITOfIBTFn (#$isa #$PITOfIBTFn #$ReifiableFunction) (#$isa #$PITOfIBTFn #$IndividualDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$PITOfIBTFn #$PropositionalInformationThing) (#$arg1Isa #$PITOfIBTFn #$InformationBearingThing) (#$comment #$PITOfIBTFn "The Cyc function #$PITOfIBTFn is an element of #$IndividualDenotingFunction. Given as its argument a particular instance of #$InformationBearingThing (q.v.), #$PITOfIBTFn returns the information content of that thing. The object returned is an element of #$PropositionalInformationThing (q.v.). Thus, (#$PITOfIBTFn IBT) denotes the abstract, propositional chunk of information that is represented in IBT. For example: if IBT is a particular printed copy of Psalm 23, then (#$PITOfIBTFn MyCopyOfPsalm23) refers to the propositional content of Psalm 23.") ;;; #$PacificOcean (#$isa #$PacificOcean #$Entity) (#$isa #$PacificOcean #$Ocean) (#$comment #$PacificOcean "The main body of salt water in the #$EasternHemisphere-Region, bordering on five continents (Western coast of North and South Americas, Australia, Antarctica, and Eastern coast of Asia).") ;;; #$Pants (#$isa #$Pants #$ProductType) (#$isa #$Pants #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Pants #$ClothingItem) (#$comment #$Pants "A collection of objects. Every element of #$Pants is a clothing item worn on the lower torso and legs. The collection #$Pants includes the subsets #$ShortPants and #$LongPants. There are also very specialized subsets, e.g., #$FootballPants.") ;;; #$Paper (#$isa #$Paper #$TangibleStuffCompositionType) (#$isa #$Paper #$ProductType) (#$genls #$Paper #$TangibleProduct) (#$genls #$Paper #$SolidTangibleThing) (#$comment #$Paper "A collection of tangible things. Each element of #$Paper is a portion of paper, considered as a 'stuff' out of which things can be made, like metal or plastic. Thus, this collection includes the collection #$SheetOfPaper, but is wider. Important sources from which paper may be #$derivedFrom include wood pulp, cotton, papyrus, rice. Examples: business stationery, #$MaxiPads, paper currency, toilet paper, newsprint, paper coffee filters, notebook paper.") ;;; #$PartOfBuilding (#$isa #$PartOfBuilding #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$PartOfBuilding #$ConstructionArtifact) (#$comment #$PartOfBuilding "A collection of parts of a building that are 'built-in', that is, built with the intention of remaining as part of the building.") ;;; #$PartOfRoomInAConstruction (#$isa #$PartOfRoomInAConstruction #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$PartOfRoomInAConstruction #$PartOfBuilding) (#$comment #$PartOfRoomInAConstruction "A collection of all parts of all instances of #$RoomInAConstruction. This includes both solid parts, like #$Mantels, and enclosed regions such as are contained by cabinets and #$Cupboards. Instances should be features which are 'built-in', that is, built with the intention of remaining as part of the room.") ;;; #$PartPredicate (#$isa #$PartPredicate #$PredicateCategory) (#$genls #$PartPredicate #$ExtensionalRepresentationPredicate) (#$comment #$PartPredicate "A collection of predicates. Instances of #$PartPredicate are used to describe the relationship between an #$Individual and its #$parts.") ;;; #$PartTime (#$isa #$PartTime #$WorkStatus) (#$comment #$PartTime "An attribute; an element of #$WorkStatus. The attribute of being a part-time worker.") ;;; #$PartialCloudCover (#$isa #$PartialCloudCover #$Cloudiness) (#$genlAttributes #$PartialCloudCover #$Cloudy) (#$comment #$PartialCloudCover "#$PartialCloudCover is a #$WeatherAttribute representing a specific degree of #$Cloudiness. This attribute describes a location as having some cloud cover but not enough to completely block out all direct sunlight. Direct sunlight comes and goes as clouds occluding the sun pass.") ;;; #$PartiallyIntangible (#$isa #$PartiallyIntangible #$ObjectType) (#$isa #$PartiallyIntangible #$TemporalStuffType) (#$genls #$PartiallyIntangible #$SomethingExisting) (#$comment #$PartiallyIntangible "The collection of things having an intangible component but which exist in time. Some, but not all, elements of #$PartiallyIntangible have a tangible component; some are just those elements of #$Intangible which do exist in time (#$IntangibleExistingThing), such as the laws of the state of Texas, your bank account, etc. Since some elements of #$Intangible have no temporal aspect (e.g., the number 42), #$Intangible is NOT a subset of #$PartiallyIntangible.") ;;; #$PartiallyOrderedSet (#$isa #$PartiallyOrderedSet #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$PartiallyOrderedSet #$QuasiOrderedSet) (#$comment #$PartiallyOrderedSet "The collection of all partially ordered sets (also called ordered sets, partial orders, or posets), each being a #$SetWithStructure consisting of a set together with an ordering relation on that set. Mathematical directed chains, trees, forests, and lattices are special cases of #$PartiallyOrderedSet. The ordering relation is defined on the associated set, and is transitive on that set, reflexive on that set, and antisymmetric on that set. Sometimes the members of the #$PartiallyOrderedSet are called its nodes, and the non-redundant (transitively reduced) pairwise relations between the nodes are called the links. A #$PartiallyOrderedSet may be finite or infinite, and connected or unconnected. (Note: A #$PartiallyOrderedSet is not a #$SetOrCollection, rather it is a #$SetWithStructure that has an associated #$SetOrCollection.)") ;;; #$PartiallyTangible (#$isa #$PartiallyTangible #$ExistingStuffType) (#$isa #$PartiallyTangible #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$PartiallyTangible #$SpatialThing) (#$genls #$PartiallyTangible #$SomethingExisting) (#$comment #$PartiallyTangible "Elements of #$PartiallyTangible have some tangible (i.e., material) part and also have a temporal extent (i.e., they exist in time). They may or may not also have an intangible part; e.g., a book is made of matter, has a temporal extent, and also has intangible content which is the information content of the text that the author wrote.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$PartiallyTangible #$SENSUS-Information1997 "PHYSICAL-OBJECT") ;;; #$PartiallyTangibleProduct (#$isa #$PartiallyTangibleProduct #$ExistingObjectType) (#$isa #$PartiallyTangibleProduct #$ProductType) (#$genls #$PartiallyTangibleProduct #$PartiallyTangible) (#$genls #$PartiallyTangibleProduct #$Product) (#$comment #$PartiallyTangibleProduct "A collection of spatial objects; a subset of #$Product. Each element of #$PartiallyTangibleProduct is a product that has some tangible component and may, but need not, have an intangible component (e.g., information). (See also #$PartiallyTangible.) Examples of #$PartiallyTangibleProduct: a newspaper, a photograph, a videotape of `Star Wars', a sack of flour, lumber, a mobile home.") ;;; #$Particle (#$isa #$Particle #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Particle #$InanimateThing) (#$genls #$Particle #$TangibleThing) (#$comment #$Particle "A collection of tangibles; a subset of #$TangibleThing. Each element of #$Particle is a smallish liquid or solid tangible thing, at least small enough to be blown about by ordinary gusts of wind, and possibly much smaller. Examples include elements of the collections #$CornMeal, #$SandParticle, #$Sawdust, #$DustParticle, #$Sugar-Table.") ;;; #$Partnership (#$isa #$Partnership #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Partnership #$LegalAgent) (#$genls #$Partnership #$Business) (#$comment #$Partnership "A collection of businesses. An element of #$Partnership is a business which is owned and operated by more than one person but generally fewer than fifty; these owners have the relation #$businessPartners (q.v.) to one another. Commonly, the partners are workers in the enterprise. The partners typically have equal shares in the assets and liablities (except for limited partners), and the partners jointly decide the firm's actions, perhaps by vote.") ;;; #$PartsFormat (#$isa #$PartsFormat #$Format) (#$comment #$PartsFormat "Argument positions of Cyc predicates may have specified formats that constrain how many and what kind of terms may occupy that position, given some fixed set of terms in the other argument positions of the predicate. If a predicate P has #$PartsFormat for argument position N, then given some particular set of terms that occupy the other argument positions of P, there may be multiple assertions with different terms in position N (keeping the other arguments fixed), but only so long as the terms in position N are all #$physicalParts of the same #$PartiallyTangible. For example, the #$arg1Format of #$physicalParts is #$PartsFormat. This allows us to represent that JosephsRightThumbnail is a #$physicalParts of JosephsRightThumb, of JosephsRightHand, and of Joseph. This is more restrictive than #$SetTheFormat, which allows multiple unrelated values. In contrast, specifying only (#$arg1Format #$physicalParts #$SetTheFormat) would not prevent JosephsRightThumb from being a #$physicalParts of both JosephsRightHand and of JamesRightHand.") ;;; #$Party-Celebration (#$isa #$Party-Celebration #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$Party-Celebration #$SocialGathering) (#$comment #$Party-Celebration "The collection of party events and other similar celebrations such as baby showers. #$Persons gather intentionally at a location in order to communicate or share some experience, and to enjoy themselves, but (unlike a #$MeetingTakingPlace) business is rarely transacted at a #$Party-Celebration, or at least is beside the official point of the party. Note: as with most collection worth naming, there are borderline cases here; e.g., Tupperware parties.") ;;; #$Passport (#$isa #$Passport #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Passport #$IDDocument) (#$genls #$Passport #$OfficialDocument) (#$comment #$Passport "A collection of official documents. Each element of #$Passport is a document issued to a person by a national government in order to identify that person as a citizen of said country while s/he is travelling across or outside of that country's borders.") ;;; #$Paste-Form (#$isa #$Paste-Form #$PhysicalStructuralAttribute) (#$comment #$Paste-Form "A physical attribute. #$Paste-Form is the #$PhysicalStructuralAttribute which describes solids that are pastelike in texture and consistency. They are very easily deformed, and they tend to remain in the deformed shape afterwards, provided that they don't collapse under their own weight.") ;;; #$Pasteurization (#$isa #$Pasteurization #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$Pasteurization #$PreservingFood) (#$comment #$Pasteurization "The heating of a milk product in order to kill off microorganisms that might make it spoil.") ;;; #$Path-Customary (#$isa #$Path-Customary #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Path-Customary #$SomethingExisting) (#$genls #$Path-Customary #$Path-Generic) (#$comment #$Path-Customary "The collection of all existing objects that are commonly paths, or are normally used as paths or conduits for people, animals, vehicles, material or information. A #$Path-Customary is either designed as a path or it has a significant known function as a path for movement. Examples include roads, railroads, sea-lanes, cowpaths, boardwalks, tubes, channels, blood vessels, fibers, wires, communication links, etc. It does not include all the things that may be used as paths in some particular #$PathSystems, but are otherwise not ordinarily viewed as paths (though the latter are still instances of #$Path-Generic). If a #$Path-Customary is an instance of a certain #$PathType, it may be assumed to be part of a system (not necessarily explictly given) of such paths. Or, on the other hand, it may be asserted to be part of a particular specified #$PathSystem using the predicate #$pathInSystem. A #$Path-Customary is either a #$Path-Simple (with two distinct ends, not forming a cycle) or else it may be a #$Path-Cyclic.") ;;; #$Path-Generic (#$isa #$Path-Generic #$Collection) (#$genls #$Path-Generic #$Thing) (#$comment #$Path-Generic "A collection of #$Things that are paths or can be considered paths. Each #$Path-Generic is either a #$Path-Simple or a #$Path-Cyclic, i.e., either a non-self-crossing path or a cycle. A #$Path-Generic may be abstract (as in Graph Theory), or it may be concrete such as a #$Path-Customary, for example a road, railroad, sea-lane, cowpath, pipe, blood vessel, fiber or wire, or on the other hand it could be anything that is used as a path in some #$PathSystem. If a #$Path-Generic is a #$Path-Customary, then it may or may not have a specified #$PathSystem in which it is a path; if the #$Path-Generic is not a #$Path-Customary, then it can only be a path in some given #$PathSystem. For example, an orange is not a customary path, but it can be a path for ants in a specified ant path system. For any #$Path-Generic, there can be a #$Traversal of something moving along that path; a single #$Traversal can cross itself, double back along itself, and/or go back and forth along some part of a #$Path-Generic any number of times.") ;;; #$Path-Simple (#$isa #$Path-Simple #$Collection) (#$genls #$Path-Simple #$Path-Generic) (#$comment #$Path-Simple "A collection of non-cyclic paths, broadly conceived. Each instance of #$Path-Simple has two ends and it forms a #$pathBetween them. It can be a road, railroad, air lane, sea lane, channel, blood vessel, part of an electric circuit, part of a pipe system, or even some abstract chain of connections among people or a 'path' in Graph Theory. A #$Path-Simple cannot cross itself, return to the same point, nor double back along itself. Each #$Path-Simple has two distinct ends that do not 'overlap' each other. But in general a path may have more than two things that are its 'end-points' -- for example, a path between Austin and Pittsburgh can also be a path between Texas and Pennsylvania. In such an example Texas and Pennsylvania are required to be spatially disjoint. (To prohibit multiple things being an end-point of a path simultaneously, specify a #$PathSystem, because in a specified #$PathSystem a path's two end points in the system are unique. The predicate #$pathBetweenInSystem is restricted to a set of paths and points specified for the particular #$PathSystem.) For a #$Path-Simple any points on it (e.g., #$pointOnPath X PATH) are connected: '#$pathConnects' is true of them. Any number of intersections may occur along a #$Path-Simple. A path is different from a #$Traversal or a #$Trajectory: a traversal is the trace of an object moving along a path or in a #$PathSystem, and the #$Traversal can cross itself and/or double back along itself any number of times. While a path is fixed and may have no direction, a traversal has a particular direction. Many distinct traversals may traverse the same underlying path (see #$Traversal and #$traversalInSystem), since a traversal can go back and forth across the same part of a path any number of times. A #$Trajectory (a trace of motion) along paths is a #$Traversal.") ;;; #$PathArtifact (#$isa #$PathArtifact #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$PathArtifact #$Path-Customary) (#$genls #$PathArtifact #$ConstructionArtifact) (#$comment #$PathArtifact "A collection of artifacts. Each element of #$PathArtifact is a path made by agents, whether animal or human. Elements of #$PathArtifact range from deer trails to superhighways. Such paths connect places that animals or people are found in and/or between which they want to travel. Examples: #$ErieCanal, #$WellandShipCanal, #$ChampsElysee, #$WallStreet, #$USHighway80, #$Highway101CA.") ;;; #$PathForWheeledVehicles (#$isa #$PathForWheeledVehicles #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$PathForWheeledVehicles #$OutdoorLocation) (#$genls #$PathForWheeledVehicles #$FixedStructure) (#$genls #$PathForWheeledVehicles #$PathArtifact) (#$genls #$PathForWheeledVehicles #$Path-Simple) (#$comment #$PathForWheeledVehicles "Each instance of #$PathForWheeledVehicles is an instance of #$PathArtifact, whose primary function is to serve as a place along which wheeled vehicles may move or park. Usually but not necessarily they are paved.") ;;; #$PathType (#$isa #$PathType #$SiblingDisjointCollection) (#$genls #$PathType #$ObjectType) (#$comment #$PathType "A collection of collections. Each instance of #$PathType is a collection that is a subcollection of #$Path-Simple. There are several types of path, according to the medium or surface the path goes through or over.") ;;; #$PathsConcatenatedFn (#$isa #$PathsConcatenatedFn #$NonPredicateFunction) (#$resultIsa #$PathsConcatenatedFn #$Path-Simple) (#$arg1Isa #$PathsConcatenatedFn #$Path-Simple) (#$arg2Isa #$PathsConcatenatedFn #$Path-Simple) (#$comment #$PathsConcatenatedFn "A function joining two paths end-to-end in series. For each path PATH1 between X and Y, and each path PATH2 between Y and Z, if every point A on both paths satisfies the conditions (#$pathBetween PATH1 X A) and (#$pathBetween PATH2 A Z), then (#$PathsConcatenatedFn PATH1 PATH2) denotes the path obtained by concatenating PATH1 and PATH2, i.e., the path that is a super path of both PATH1 and PATH2 and is between X and Z. Note that when you use (#$PathsConcatenatedFn PATH1 PATH2), PATH1 and PATH2 cannot intersect, i.e., no point is on both paths except their end-points. This function is not defined on the cartesian product #$Path-Simple x #$Path-Simple. It is rather defined on a proper subset of it.") ;;; #$Paying (#$isa #$Paying #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$Paying #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$Paying #$MoneyTransfer) (#$genls #$Paying #$PurposefulAction) (#$genls #$Paying #$TransferringOwnership) (#$comment #$Paying "A collection of events; a subset of#$MoneyTransfer. Each element of #$Paying is an event in which one agent pays money to another agent. The payer is the #$fromPossessor; the recipient is the #$toPossessor. In all payings, the payer gives the payee #$FullUseRights to the money. Some types of payings: (1) all instances of #$Buying and #$Renting contain (at least one) #$subEvents which are elements of #$Paying; (2) making charitable contributions; (3) paying off one's gambling debts; (4) paying an employee's salary or a child's allowance. Writing a check or offering a credit card in payment are #$firstSubEvents of paying events; such payings are successful only if the check is not lost or stolen, if it clears the bank, etc. On the other hand, filling out a pledge card, e.g., for United Way, is NOT considered a #$Paying event or part of one, because it does not involve or initiate any legal reassignment of rights to the money.") ;;; #$Pensive (#$isa #$Pensive #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$genls #$Pensive #$FeelingAttribute) (#$comment #$Pensive "A feeling of deep thoughtfulness, reflection, or introspection, and sometimes melancholia. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness.") ;;; #$Perceiving (#$isa #$Perceiving #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$isa #$Perceiving #$TemporalStuffType) (#$genls #$Perceiving #$CompositePhysicalAndMentalEvent) (#$genls #$Perceiving #$SingleDoerAction) (#$comment #$Perceiving "#$Perceiving is the collection of sensory-perceptual events in which a #$PerceptualAgent perceives, i.e. acquires information, using its senses.") (#$overlappingExternalConcept #$Perceiving #$SENSUS-Information1997 "PERCEPTION") ;;; #$Perceiving-Involuntary (#$isa #$Perceiving-Involuntary #$TemporalStuffType) (#$genls #$Perceiving-Involuntary #$Perceiving) (#$comment #$Perceiving-Involuntary "A collection of mental events, a subset of #$Perceiving. Each element of this collection is a perceptual event in which the agent involuntarily receives senory information. Thus, if I am in a room, and a light is turned on, I would see the light reflected off of the walls, but without any effort on my part. On the other hand, actively searching for something with my eyes would not be a member of this collection.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$Perceiving-Involuntary #$SENSUS-Information1997 "INVOLUNTARY-PERCEPTUAL-EVENT") ;;; #$Perceiving-Voluntary (#$isa #$Perceiving-Voluntary #$ScriptType) (#$isa #$Perceiving-Voluntary #$TemporalStuffType) (#$genls #$Perceiving-Voluntary #$PurposefulAction) (#$genls #$Perceiving-Voluntary #$Perceiving) (#$comment #$Perceiving-Voluntary "A collection of mental events, a subset of #$Perceiving. Each element of this collection is a perceptual event in which the agent does not merely passively receive sensory information, but is actively filtering or directing how he is perceiving. Thus, searching for a set of lost keys would be an element of this collection, as would straining to hear something, but merely hearing a balloon pop next to you would not.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$Perceiving-Voluntary #$SENSUS-Information1997 "VOLUNTARY-PERCEPTUAL-EVENT") ;;; #$PerceivingSlot (#$isa #$PerceivingSlot #$RelationType) (#$genls #$PerceivingSlot #$BinaryPredicate) (#$comment #$PerceivingSlot "A collection of predicates. Each element of #$PerceivingSlot is a binary predicate relating a perceiver and an object or event (not a sense-datum) that s/he perceives in the mode specified by the predicate; e.g., #$sees, #$hears, #$smells, #$perceivesByTouching, #$tastes. Assertions that use a predicate belonging to #$PerceivingSlot imply that some perception event occurs during the time that the assertion holds. See also #$Perceiving and its subsets.") ;;; #$Percent (#$isa #$Percent #$EvaluatableFunction) (#$isa #$Percent #$DimensionlessUnitOfMeasure) (#$isa #$Percent #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix) (#$resultIsa #$Percent #$IntervalOnNumberLine) (#$resultIsa #$Percent #$ScalarInterval) (#$argsIsa #$Percent #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$Percent "#$Percent is a function whose results are percentages. E.g., (#$Percent 1) represents 1% in Cyc (and is equal to .01); (#$Percent 110) is the same as 1.1; (#$Percent 0.1) is the same as 0.1%, which is the same as .001.") ;;; #$PerceptualAgent (#$isa #$PerceptualAgent #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$PerceptualAgent #$IndividualAgent) (#$comment #$PerceptualAgent "The collection of all sentient agents. Elements of #$PerceptualAgent are beings capable of doing instances of #$Perceiving. Furthermore, in many cases the information that a perceptual agent gathers is input that can influence its other actions.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$PerceptualAgent #$SENSUS-Information1997 "CONSCIOUS-BEING") ;;; #$Permission (#$isa #$Permission #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Permission #$Agreement) (#$comment #$Permission "A collection of agreements. Each element of #$Permission is an agreement specifying some rights or privileges which have been granted to an #$Agent. A permission may be an informal agreement between individuals, but many instances are formal and involve permissions granted by a government authority to some agent. E.g., a driver's license, a marriage license, a visa for entering the U.S., a license to practice medicine.") ;;; #$Person (#$isa #$Person #$OrganismClassificationType) (#$genls #$Person #$LegalAgent) (#$genls #$Person #$Primate) (#$genls #$Person #$HumanOccupationConstructResident) (#$genls #$Person #$Omnivore) (#$comment #$Person "The collection of all human beings. The collection #$Person constitutes the species Homo Sapiens; thus, #$Person is an instance of #$BiologicalSpecies in the #$BiologyMt. (See also #$HomoGenus, of which Homo Sapiens is the only nonextinct species.) Persons constitute the most intelligent subset of #$Primate, and it is the only class whose elements are known to be naturally capable of speaking a language. All cultural activity requires participation of persons. #$Person excludes non-human legal persons; see #$Agent.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$Person #$SENSUS-Information1997 "PERSON") ;;; #$PersonByActivityType (#$isa #$PersonByActivityType #$Collection) (#$genls #$PersonByActivityType #$ExistingObjectType) (#$comment #$PersonByActivityType "A collection of collections. Each element of #$PersonByActivityType is a collection which classifies people by some kind of activity that an individual does regularly. Some examples are: #$Student, #$Tourist, and #$HornPlayer. If the differentiating activity is one that can be done as a career or job, it is preferable to make that collection an element of the more specific #$OccupationType (q.v.).") ;;; #$PersonalProduct (#$isa #$PersonalProduct #$ExistingObjectType) (#$isa #$PersonalProduct #$ProductType) (#$genls #$PersonalProduct #$Product) (#$comment #$PersonalProduct "A collection of products. Each element of #$PersonalProduct is a service or tangible product designed for the physical body of a person, including clothing, accessories, personal care products (e.g., deodorant, hand soap) and devices (e.g., razors, heating pads), cosmetics, and personal services such as massages and manicures. These are products or services which a person would seek out or apply to him/herself; i.e., it excludes products used on the body of a person by physicians (e.g., scalpels), dentists (e.g., dental drills), or morticians.") ;;; #$PersonalityAttribute (#$isa #$PersonalityAttribute #$UnorderedAttributeType) (#$genls #$PersonalityAttribute #$MentalAttribute) (#$comment #$PersonalityAttribute "The collection of attributes which describe aspects of a person's personality. E.g., #$Dependability. Note that #$Gentleness, #$Viciousness, and other emotive traits common to both humans and other animals, appear under #$TemperamentAttribute, which is a superset of #$PersonalityAttribute.") ;;; #$Pharmacist (#$isa #$Pharmacist #$MedicalSpecialtyType) (#$genls #$Pharmacist #$MedicalCareProfessional) (#$comment #$Pharmacist "The collection of professionals who are trained and licensed to prepare and distribute legal drugs.") ;;; #$Pharmacy (#$isa #$Pharmacy #$MedicalFacilityType) (#$genls #$Pharmacy #$LocalCustomerContactPoint) (#$genls #$Pharmacy #$CommercialOrganization) (#$comment #$Pharmacy "The collection of (local-level) organizations which sell mainly prescription drugs, but usually also carry non-prescription drugs and other medical supplies that might be needed by a family or individual. (i.e. not a supplier to hospitals). Sometimes these are free-standing stores, sometimes departments within other stores like drugstores and supermarkets.") ;;; #$PharmacyProductType (#$isa #$PharmacyProductType #$Collection) (#$genls #$PharmacyProductType #$ProductType) (#$comment #$PharmacyProductType "The collection of pharmaceutical product types, including drugs and pharmaceutical devices.") ;;; #$PhoneNumber (#$isa #$PhoneNumber #$IDStringType) (#$genls #$PhoneNumber #$IDString) (#$genls #$PhoneNumber #$CharacterString) (#$comment #$PhoneNumber "A collection of strings. Each element of #$PhoneNumber is a string that represents a telephone number.") ;;; #$PhysicalAmountSlot (#$isa #$PhysicalAmountSlot #$PredicateCategory) (#$genls #$PhysicalAmountSlot #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot) (#$genls #$PhysicalAmountSlot #$TangibleObjectPredicate) (#$comment #$PhysicalAmountSlot "A collection of predicates. Each element of #$PhysicalAmountSlot is a slot (i.e., a binary predicate) used in assertions that state (perhaps roughly) `how much' of an object there is. These can be viewed as different ways of stating the size of an object; e.g., #$lengthOfObject, #$volumeOfObject, #$massOfObject, #$depthOfObject, #$interiorFloorSpace.") ;;; #$PhysicalAttribute (#$isa #$PhysicalAttribute #$AttributeType) (#$genls #$PhysicalAttribute #$AttributeValue) (#$comment #$PhysicalAttribute "A collection of attribute values. Each element of #$PhysicalAttribute is an attribute value could in theory be measured using physical instruments. Subsets of this collection include #$Density, #$Speed, #$Rigidity, #$Mass, etc. Elements include #$ColdToBitterlyCold, (#$MediumAmountFn #$Visibility), and #$AFewYearsDuration.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$PhysicalAttribute #$SENSUS-Information1997 "MATERIAL-WORLD-QUALITY") ;;; #$PhysicalAttributeDescriptionSlot (#$isa #$PhysicalAttributeDescriptionSlot #$RelationType) (#$genls #$PhysicalAttributeDescriptionSlot #$PhysicalFeatureDescribingPredicate) (#$genls #$PhysicalAttributeDescriptionSlot #$BinaryPredicate) (#$genls #$PhysicalAttributeDescriptionSlot #$ExtensionalRepresentationPredicate) (#$comment #$PhysicalAttributeDescriptionSlot "A collection of predicates. #$PhysicalAttributeDescriptionSlot is a subset of both #$BinaryPredicate and #$PhysicalFeatureDescribingPredicate. Each element of #$PhysicalAttributeDescriptionSlot relates some particular tangible object to an instance of #$PhysicalAttribute which characterizes that object. The attribute may or may not be a quantifiable property. Examples of #$PhysicalAttributeDescriptionSlot: #$objectEmitsOdor, #$viscosityOfSubstance, #$colorOfObject, #$diameterOfObject, #$physicalParts, #$shape, #$xzCrossSectionShapeType.") ;;; #$PhysicalConductingMedia (#$isa #$PhysicalConductingMedia #$ExistingStuffType) (#$genls #$PhysicalConductingMedia #$TangibleThing) (#$comment #$PhysicalConductingMedia "A collection of tangible stuff. Each element of #$PhysicalConductingMedia is a physical thing that can serve as a conductor, e.g., for heat or electricity. Examples include power lines, pieces of superconductor materials, ceramic, etc.") ;;; #$PhysicalContactLocation (#$isa #$PhysicalContactLocation #$ContactLocationType) (#$genls #$PhysicalContactLocation #$ContactLocation) (#$genls #$PhysicalContactLocation #$HumanShelterConstruction) (#$comment #$PhysicalContactLocation "A collection of locations; a subset of #$HumanShelterConstruction. An instance of #$PhysicalContactLocation is the principal place(s) where an #$Agent can be physically found. For people, that would (probably) be their home and/or office. For an organization, it would be the location of their place of business, their headquarters, etc. Note that a purely procedural method for getting in touch with someone, such as their Post Office Box number in a certain city, is not a #$PhysicalContactLocation.") ;;; #$PhysicalContactSituation (#$isa #$PhysicalContactSituation #$TemporalStuffType) (#$genls #$PhysicalContactSituation #$Situation) (#$comment #$PhysicalContactSituation "The collection of all #$Situations in which two or more tangible objects are touching (#$touches). Includes an object rubbing against another, objects colliding, as well as static touching configurations. Note that although most #$PhysicalEvents involve some kind of touching, not all of them should be specs of #$PhysicalContactSituation. Only on those in which contact is salient to what the event is about should be #$PhysicalContactSituations.") ;;; #$PhysicalDevice (#$isa #$PhysicalDevice #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$PhysicalDevice #$PartiallyTangibleProduct) (#$genls #$PhysicalDevice #$Artifact) (#$genls #$PhysicalDevice #$InanimateThing) (#$comment #$PhysicalDevice "A collection of tangible things. Each #$PhysicalDevice is an #$Artifact which is designed for a specific use or to perform a specific function. Thus, the collections #$Tool, #$Condom, #$BathTub, and #$TransportationDevice-Vehicle are all subsets of this collection, as are many other collections. Excluded are artifacts which can only be 'used' in a very loose or metaphorical sense, such as instances of #$Sculpture, #$FlowerBed, or #$Advertisement. Also, an instance of #$PhysicalDevice should have a relatively rigid, set shape (which doesn't exclude it having moving parts!); hence, #$GasolineFuel or #$AntiFreeze are not subsets of #$PhysicalDevice.") ;;; #$PhysicalEvent (#$isa #$PhysicalEvent #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$PhysicalEvent #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$PhysicalEvent #$Event) (#$genls #$PhysicalEvent #$SpatialThing) (#$comment #$PhysicalEvent "A collection of events. Each element of #$PhysicalEvent is an event which involves the interaction of some number of physical objects. (For contrast, see #$MentalEvent or, a collection of much more common occurrences, #$CompositePhysicalAndMentalEvent.)") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$PhysicalEvent #$SENSUS-Information1997 "MATERIAL-PROCESS") ;;; #$PhysicalFeatureDescribingPredicate (#$isa #$PhysicalFeatureDescribingPredicate #$RelationType) (#$genls #$PhysicalFeatureDescribingPredicate #$Predicate) (#$comment #$PhysicalFeatureDescribingPredicate "A collection of predicates. Each element of #$PhysicalFeatureDescribingPredicate is a predicate used in assertions that describe spatiophysical aspects of individual objects. Examples: #$above-Directly, #$physicallyContains, #$touchesDirectly, #$colorOfObject, #$temperatureOfObject, #$spans-Bridgelike.") ;;; #$PhysicalPartPredicate (#$isa #$PhysicalPartPredicate #$PredicateCategory) (#$genls #$PhysicalPartPredicate #$PartPredicate) (#$genls #$PhysicalPartPredicate #$CotemporalPredicate) (#$comment #$PhysicalPartPredicate "A collection of predicates. Instances of #$PhysicalPartPredicate are used to describe the relationship between a #$PartiallyTangible and its #$physicalParts.") ;;; #$PhysicalSeries (#$isa #$PhysicalSeries #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$PhysicalSeries #$PartiallyTangible) (#$genls #$PhysicalSeries #$Group) (#$genls #$PhysicalSeries #$Series) (#$comment #$PhysicalSeries "Each #$PhysicalSeries is a #$Group of #$PartiallyTangibles which is ordered in a linear fashion, most likely according to some spatial relationship. For example, a group of people in line at a ticket booth, or the vertebrae in one person's spine.") ;;; #$PhysicalStateChangeEvent (#$isa #$PhysicalStateChangeEvent #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$PhysicalStateChangeEvent #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$PhysicalStateChangeEvent #$PhysicalEvent) (#$genls #$PhysicalStateChangeEvent #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent) (#$comment #$PhysicalStateChangeEvent "#$PhysicalStateChangeEvent is the collection of events in which some piece of matter changes from one of the physical states of matter to another. Such changes of state can be induced by changes in temperature (or the equivalent in the manipulation of kinetic energy). Each particular instance of #$Boiling, #$Freezing, #$Evaporating, #$Condensing, #$Melting, etc. is an instance of #$PhysicalStateChangeEvent. Note: Most Cyc microtheories distinguish four states of matter, namely, #$SolidStateOfMatter, #$SemiSolidStateOfMatter, #$LiquidStateOfMatter, #$GaseousStateOfMatter. See #$StateOfMatter-SolidLiquidGaseous and its individual state constants.") ;;; #$PhysicalStructuralAttribute (#$isa #$PhysicalStructuralAttribute #$UnorderedAttributeType) (#$genls #$PhysicalStructuralAttribute #$AttributeValue) (#$comment #$PhysicalStructuralAttribute "A collection of attributes. Each element of #$PhysicalStructuralAttribute is a physical attribute that determines or describes the structure of a tangible object. These attributes are qualitative, not measurable; in that way, they are unlike those described by the elements of #$Density, #$Mass, #$Elasticity, #$ThermalConductivity, and other attributes which belong to #$ScalarInterval. Examples of #$PhysicalStructuralAttribute: #$Granular, #$Powdery, #$Paste-Form, #$Brittle, #$Collapsible, #$Hollow, #$Woven, #$Burnt. An individual object's #$PhysicalStructuralAttributes are indicated with the predicate #$physicalStructuralAttributes.") ;;; #$PhysicalUrgeType (#$isa #$PhysicalUrgeType #$PrimitiveAttributeType) (#$genls #$PhysicalUrgeType #$SensoryReactionType) (#$comment #$PhysicalUrgeType "A collection of collections, and also a subset of #$SensoryReactionType (qv). Its elements are distinct from #$SensoryReactionType because they necessarily have a value on #$urgeTypeSatisfied. An element of #$PhysicalUrgeType is an #$AttributeType that describes one class of urges (to do something) that animals have. The elements of #$PhysicalUrgeType are rather earthy; some examples are: #$UrgeToYawn, #$UrgeToScratch, #$UrgeToVomit, #$UrgeToUrinate, etc. ") ;;; #$PhysicallyAttackingAnAgent (#$isa #$PhysicallyAttackingAnAgent #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$PhysicallyAttackingAnAgent #$ActionOnObject) (#$genls #$PhysicallyAttackingAnAgent #$HostileSocialAction) (#$comment #$PhysicallyAttackingAnAgent "The collection of events in which one #$Agent (or a small group of #$Agents) physically attacks another #$Agent (or small group of #$Agents.) Each assassination attempt is an example of such an event.") ;;; #$PhysiologicalAttribute (#$isa #$PhysiologicalAttribute #$UnorderedAttributeType) (#$genls #$PhysiologicalAttribute #$AttributeValue) (#$comment #$PhysiologicalAttribute "The collection of attributes related to a plant or animal organism's physiological characteristics. Some examples include #$Flexed, #$Deaf, #$Injured, #$Fertile, #$Swollen, #$AcidIndigestion, etc.") ;;; #$PhysiologicalCondition (#$isa #$PhysiologicalCondition #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$PhysiologicalCondition #$BiologicalEvent) (#$comment #$PhysiologicalCondition "The collection of #$Events in which an organism undergoes (as #$bodilyDoer) some physiological state or process, which may be normal or abnormal. An instance of #$PhysiologicalCondition is, especially, a dynamic physiological state that (1) has important temporal aspects, such as a developmental condition or a progressive disease, and/or (2) affects the organism's physiological condition for a significant period of time, such that (a) the condition may be thought of as an `episode' in the life of the organism or even (b) a permanent aspect of the organism's ongoing life. #$PhysiologicalCondition is the most general collection of such states. In representing particular cases, one of the various subsets of #$PhysiologicalCondition is likely to be more useful; these include: #$Pregnancy, #$Pneumonia, #$Cancer, #$KidneyStoneCondition, #$HeartAttack, #$AllergicReaction, #$Phobia, #$ChronicCondition, #$Asthma, etc.") ;;; #$PhysiologicalConditionType (#$isa #$PhysiologicalConditionType #$Collection) (#$genls #$PhysiologicalConditionType #$ScriptType) (#$comment #$PhysiologicalConditionType "A collection of collections. Each #$PhysiologicalConditionType is a coherent set of #$PhysiologicalConditions characterizing some non-instantaneous aspect of an organism. Some sample elements are: #$Menopause, #$SickleCellAnemia, #$Infection, #$Malnutrition, etc.") ;;; #$PhysiologicalFunction (#$isa #$PhysiologicalFunction #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$PhysiologicalFunction #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$PhysiologicalFunction #$PhysiologicalProcess) (#$comment #$PhysiologicalFunction "The collection of those #$PhysiologicalProcesses that serve some end for their doers, which may be cells, tissues, or whole organisms; for example, #$Photosynthesis.") ;;; #$PhysiologicalProcess (#$isa #$PhysiologicalProcess #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$PhysiologicalProcess #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$PhysiologicalProcess #$BiologicalEvent) (#$comment #$PhysiologicalProcess "The collection of events in which an organism does (typically unconsciously) some process which involves alteration of that agent's physiological state. A #$PhysiologicalProcess is normally one that is done by organisms (or parts of organisms) in the course of living. A large subset of #$PhysiologicalProcess is #$BodilyFunctionEvent, including its subsets #$Respiration, #$DigestingInStomach, and #$Heartbeating. (Compare this collection with #$PhysiologicalCondition, whose elements are more episodic than process-like.) ") ;;; #$PieceOfFreeSpace (#$isa #$PieceOfFreeSpace #$ExistingStuffType) (#$genls #$PieceOfFreeSpace #$Air) (#$genls #$PieceOfFreeSpace #$PureSpace) (#$genls #$PieceOfFreeSpace #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$PieceOfFreeSpace "Elements of #$PieceOfFreeSpace are contiguous regions of ``empty'' yet tangible space, such as the interior of a room or sky above a city. Typically (but not necessarily), a #$PieceOfFreeSpace is associated with a geographical region or some physical boundaries that define its edges.") ;;; #$Pipe-GenericConduit (#$isa #$Pipe-GenericConduit #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Pipe-GenericConduit #$FlowPath) (#$genls #$Pipe-GenericConduit #$SolidTangibleThing) (#$comment #$Pipe-GenericConduit "The collection of all enclosed tubular fluid conduits with openings at both ends. #$Pipe-GenericConduit encompasses both human-made pipes as well as natural pipes, found naturally occurring in the environment, or found in an organism's body, like #$BloodVessels.") ;;; #$PipeEndToCavityJunction (#$isa #$PipeEndToCavityJunction #$RegionType) (#$genls #$PipeEndToCavityJunction #$Configuration) (#$genls #$PipeEndToCavityJunction #$Portal) (#$comment #$PipeEndToCavityJunction "The collection of junctions, in each of which some #$Pipe-GenericConduit ends at a #$Cavity of larger diameter than the pipe, allowing flow or access between them. The flange where a water pipe enters a water tank is one example, as is the junction of the esophagus and the stomach in animals. See also the predicate #$pipeEndsAtCavity.") ;;; #$Pity (#$isa #$Pity #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$genls #$Pity #$FeelingAttribute) (#$comment #$Pity "Feeling sorry for another agent on account of the undesirable state of affairs s/he is in. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness.") ;;; #$Place (#$isa #$Place #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Place #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$Place "The collection of #$SpatialThings that have a relatively permanent location. Thus, every #$Place is stationary in the frame of reference of the current microtheory.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$Place #$SENSUS-Information1997 "SPACE-INTERVAL") ;;; #$Planet (#$isa #$Planet #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Planet #$GeographicalRegion) (#$genls #$Planet #$HeavenlyBody) (#$comment #$Planet "A collection of heavenly bodies. Each element of #$Planet is a planet either in Earth's solar system or elsewhere in the universe. Examples: #$PlanetJupiter, #$PlanetVenus.") ;;; #$Plant (#$isa #$Plant #$BiologicalKingdom) (#$genls #$Plant #$VegetableMatter) (#$genls #$Plant #$Organism-Whole) (#$genls #$Plant #$PlantBLO) (#$comment #$Plant "#$Plant is the collection of all plants; it is a member of the #$BiologicalKingdom and contains the primary subjects of #$Biology. Plants are typically stationary, living, whole organisms; the cells of plants generally lack cholesterol and have cell walls that include substances of #$Cellulose. Most, though not all, plants are capable of making sugars by #$Photosynthesis processes and have green parts. Some example subsets of #$Plant are the collections #$RoseBush, #$SpruceTree, and #$Moss.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$Plant #$SENSUS-Information1997 "PLANT") ;;; #$Plant-NonWoody (#$isa #$Plant-NonWoody #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Plant-NonWoody #$Plant) (#$comment #$Plant-NonWoody "The collection of non-woody, herbaceous #$Plants. Those #$Plants such as grasses, herbs, wildflowers, etc. which are fairly low-growing, often annual, and don't grow woody stems. Excludes large, hard bamboos, and Balsa.") ;;; #$Plant-Woody (#$isa #$Plant-Woody #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Plant-Woody #$Plant) (#$genls #$Plant-Woody #$TerrestrialOrganism) (#$comment #$Plant-Woody "The collection of #$Plants that have woody or hard trunks, stems or branches (and usually roots). includes large, hard bamboos, and balsa.") ;;; #$PlantBLO (#$isa #$PlantBLO #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$PlantBLO #$BiologicalLivingObject) (#$comment #$PlantBLO "A subset of #$BiologicalLivingObject. #$PlantBLO includes the elements of #$Plant and of #$PlantPart.") ;;; #$PlantPart (#$isa #$PlantPart #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$PlantPart #$PlantBLO) (#$genls #$PlantPart #$OrganismPart) (#$comment #$PlantPart "The collection of all physical parts of #$Plants of all kinds. In the traditional view, plant organs are of four types: leaves, stems, roots and flowers. It seems useful to have a category for smaller plant parts which display a similar level of organization (they have vascular tissue, ground tissue, and an epidermis) but have not been included in the traditional view.") ;;; #$PlantPhysiologicalAttribute (#$isa #$PlantPhysiologicalAttribute #$AttributeType) (#$genls #$PlantPhysiologicalAttribute #$PhysiologicalAttribute) (#$comment #$PlantPhysiologicalAttribute "The collection of attributes referring to the physiological properties of plants. At the very least, these include seasonal stages, physical properties, and plant health. These attributes apply to entire #$Plants rather than just to certain parts of them.") ;;; #$PlantProduct (#$isa #$PlantProduct #$ExistingStuffType) (#$isa #$PlantProduct #$ProductType) (#$genls #$PlantProduct #$VegetableMatter) (#$comment #$PlantProduct "The collection of #$Products that are plants or plant parts (individually or in bulk), or substances derived from plants, which are produced by people or countries and made available for use, sale or exchange.") ;;; #$Plastic (#$isa #$Plastic #$ProductType) (#$isa #$Plastic #$TangibleStuffCompositionType) (#$genls #$Plastic #$ArtificialMaterial) (#$comment #$Plastic "A collection of tangible things. Each element of #$Plastic is a piece of some type of plastic. This collection includes plastics of all kinds: artifical, mostly polymeric, inedible, organic moldable hydrocarbons. Some common types are rayon, nylon, polyethylene, etc.") ;;; #$PlumbingFixture (#$isa #$PlumbingFixture #$ProductType) (#$isa #$PlumbingFixture #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$PlumbingFixture #$PhysicalDevice) (#$genls #$PlumbingFixture #$PartOfBuilding) (#$comment #$PlumbingFixture "A collection of physical devices. An instance of #$PlumbingFixture is any object which is -- or was or will be or could be -- part of some plumbing system. Types of #$PlumbingFixture include pipes, sinks, and toilets, as well as faucets and drain plugs. It must be a functional part (so sewage doesn't count) and a significant part (so a label on a pipe doesn't count) and a specialized part (so an individual screw doesn't count, nor does an individual iron atom that's part of a faucet) and a relatively long-lived and localized part (so the water flowing through a pipe doesn't count.)") ;;; #$PlusFn (#$isa #$PlusFn #$EvaluatableFunction) (#$isa #$PlusFn #$NonPredicateFunction) (#$isa #$PlusFn #$VariableArityRelation) (#$isa #$PlusFn #$CommutativeRelation) (#$isa #$PlusFn #$FunctionFromQuantitiesToQuantities) (#$resultIsa #$PlusFn #$ScalarInterval) (#$argsIsa #$PlusFn #$ScalarInterval) (#$comment #$PlusFn "#$PlusFn is Cyc's addition operator; it is a variable-arity mathematical function. #$PlusFn takes a variable number of quantities as arguments, and it yields a new quantity which is the result of adding those arguments together. All of the arguments to #$PlusFn must be elements of #$ScalarInterval, as is its result. Examples: (#$PlusFn 2 3 4) returns 9; (#$PlusFn (#$Meter 1.5) (#$Meter 0.7)) returns (#$Meter 2.2). See also #$VariableArityRelation.") ;;; #$PlusInfinity (#$isa #$PlusInfinity #$RealNumber) (#$isa #$PlusInfinity #$NonNegativeScalarInterval) (#$isa #$PlusInfinity #$NonNegativeNumber) (#$comment #$PlusInfinity "#$PlusInfinity represents an infinitely large positive number (roughly akin to aleph-null).") ;;; #$PointFn (#$isa #$PointFn #$NonPredicateFunction) (#$resultIsa #$PointFn #$SetOrCollection) (#$arg1Isa #$PointFn #$Thing) (#$comment #$PointFn "For each #$PathSystem SYS, (#$PointFn SYS) denotes the set of all points in SYS (see #$PathSystem). Note that the function #$PointFn and the predicate #$pointInSystem are interdefinable. We normally use #$PointFn, for convenience, when we consider some relations between different path systems even though for a single path system SYS, we can replace each (#$pointInSystem X SYS) by (#$elementOf X (#$PointFn SYS)).") ;;; #$PointyEnded (#$isa #$PointyEnded #$PhysicalStructuralAttribute) (#$comment #$PointyEnded "Includes anything which tapers to a pointy or sharp end--pens, pencils, needles, pins, nails, and wood-screws, but not wires (no taper). Most knives would be included, but only because they have pointy ends. A knife with a rounded ended and a sharp blade would not be included.") ;;; #$PolarAttributeType (#$isa #$PolarAttributeType #$Collection) (#$genls #$PolarAttributeType #$PrimitiveAttributeType) (#$comment #$PolarAttributeType "A collection of collections, a subset of #$PrimitiveAttributeType. Each element of #$PolarAttributeType is a collection of attributes which can be possessed either to a positive or to a negative degree. Thus, #$ElectricalCharge would be an instance of this collection, whereas #$Wetness and #$BedSize would not be.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$PolarAttributeType #$SENSUS-Information1997 "POLAR-QUALITY") ;;; #$PolishingSomething (#$isa #$PolishingSomething #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$PolishingSomething #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$PolishingSomething #$PhysicalContactSituation) (#$genls #$PolishingSomething #$VoluntaryBodyMovement) (#$genls #$PolishingSomething #$Cleaning) (#$genls #$PolishingSomething #$TransformationEvent) (#$comment #$PolishingSomething "The subset of #$Cleaning processes in which something is polished by rubbing it. For example, consider the event in which Aladdin polished his magic lamp for the first time. Polishing can be done to leather, wood, metal, etc. A #$PolishingSomething may be performed either by a person or by a machine.") ;;; #$PoliticalDispute (#$isa #$PoliticalDispute #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$PoliticalDispute #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$PoliticalDispute #$DisputeEvent) (#$comment #$PoliticalDispute "The class of all political disputes, including serious political controversies and skirmishes between individuals, organizations or countries. Such a dispute involves some question of public policy, as opposed to purely personal or commercial issiues.") ;;; #$PoliticalOrganization (#$isa #$PoliticalOrganization #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$PoliticalOrganization #$Organization) (#$comment #$PoliticalOrganization "A collection of organizations. An element of #$PoliticalOrganization is an organization whose members share some common political, social, or economic values and goals, and the #$MainFunction of their organization is to achieve those goals by influencing governmental powers or by helping persons who favor their views and interests to win elections or otherwise obtain governmental power. The collection #$PoliticalOrganization includes instances of #$PoliticalParty and also of #$PoliticalInterestGroup. Note that governmental bodies (such as a #$CityCouncil) are not considered #$PoliticalOrganizations. Although such governmental bodies often act in political arenas, that is not their primary function.") ;;; #$PoliticalParty (#$isa #$PoliticalParty #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$PoliticalParty #$Organization) (#$genls #$PoliticalParty #$PoliticalOrganization) (#$comment #$PoliticalParty "A collection of political organizations. An element of #$PoliticalParty is an organization that primarily seeks to elect candidates to public office or have members continue holding public office, and which are identified as party affiliations by persons holding or seeking public office.") ;;; #$Politician (#$isa #$Politician #$PersonByActivityType) (#$genls #$Politician #$Person) (#$genls #$Politician #$PublicSectorEmployee) (#$comment #$Politician "A collection of persons. Each element of #$Politician is a person who is involved in politics. Subsets of #$Politician include #$HeadOfState, #$PresidentialCandidate, and #$HeadOfPoliticalParty.") ;;; #$Porosity (#$isa #$Porosity #$PrimitiveAttributeType) (#$genls #$Porosity #$PhysicalAttribute) (#$genls #$Porosity #$ScalarInterval) (#$comment #$Porosity "A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Porosity represents a specific porosity of some physical object. Different porosities may be represented using #$GenericValueFunctions. Porosities of objects are indicated with the predicate #$porosityOfObject.") ;;; #$PortableObject (#$isa #$PortableObject #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$PortableObject #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$PortableObject "A collection of objects. An instance of #$PortableObject is something that is not `fastened down' and which is light enough for an average human (or more to the point: for its average intended user) to move it easily. For many #$PortableObjects, portability is important for them to fulfill their primary functions; for example, an article of clothing (a #$SomethingToWear), a hand-guided tool (a #HandTool), a coin or dollar bill (an instance of #$Currency), a flashlight (a #$Flashlight), etc. would be pretty useless if they weren't portable. In other cases, making a device portable, or making a portable version of a device, simply provides a convenience, as with the subsets #$PortableTelevision and #$PortableStereoSystem. Note that #$Tool is not a subset of #$PortableObject, since many tools are heavy and/or stationary. A borderline example would be a heart/lung machine; although the beneficiary of its primary function is in no position to move it around, the physicians and nurses who also are `using' it can and do exactly that. The same goes for a playpen; the kids in it had better NOT be able to move it around, but the adults who set it up and put them there can and do move it. A borderline non-example would be a car; even though its user can make it move around, that is more a controlling action than a transporting action --- i.e., the car is doing the transporting in that case, not the driver. A borderline example is a cat; even though it moves under its own power, it is light enough for its owner to pick it up and move around. A borderline example is a bed or a dresser; though too heavy to lift, its owners can generally move it around (by sliding, disassembling and reassembling, etc.)")